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What You Eat During Pregnancy Does Matter to Baby

Eating a diet rich in protein and low in carbohydrates, and maintaining a healthy body weight during pregnancy can improve your child's chances for a long, healthy life, according to new research presented at the American Diabetes Association's 60th Annual Scientific Sessions in San Antonio. These studies suggest that a mother's health and diet during pregnancy are just as important as genetics, and possibly, even more so.

Animal studies by Nicholas Hale, Ph.D., a professor at the University of Cambridge, previously demonstrated a correlation between low birth weight and diabetes. His latest findings, however, suggest that deficiencies of iron and protein in a mother's diet predispose her offspring to obesity, high blood pressure and diabetes. Specifically, he found that lack of iron in the diet resulted in hypertensive offspring and a lack of protein in diet caused type 2 diabetes. Additionally, he noted that in animal studies dietary restriction to a developing fetus caused liver changes that permanently impaired metabolism and metabolically programmed the animal for life. "If growth was restricted during pregnancy, the offspring overate to catch up after birth and had a shorter life span" he said. "Conversely, if the fetus received good nutrition during pregnancy and were lactation restricted after birth, the offspring lived longer."

A study by David Barker, FRS, of the University of South Hampton in England, expanded these findings to humans. His research also indicates that low birth weight (not prematurity) due to nutritional deficiencies during fetal development predicts heart disease and diabetes. Dr. Barker looked at adaptations a fetus makes in response to its experiences in the womb and how that affects future health. He explained that if a fetus is deprived of nutrition, redistribution of blood flow occurs to prioritize nutrition to the brain. This thriftiness deprives other developing organs of nourishment, resulting in endocrine and metabolic changes that alter body composition and sacrifice health forever.

Barker noted that short, thin babies lack muscle at birth, so they overeat and finally, at about age seven, they catch up to the babies that were born healthy. However, between ages seven and 15, they experience accelerated growth in height and weight. "The difference between people with diabetes (and other people) is they move from retarded fetal growth to accelerated childhood growth," he contended, adding that thin babies are insulin resistant and have altered metabolism as adults and even as children. "The combination of prenatal (nutritional) restriction and excessive caloric intake after birth may cause diabetes."

Additionally, Barker noted that previous research established that a mother's birth weight is the main genetic determinant for her baby's size at birth. However, a review of long-term studies of babies born to mothers deprived of nutrition during World War II indicates that children of short, obese mothers who were malnourished during pregnancy tend to be insulin deficient and at risk for type 1 diabetes. Children of malnourished thin mothers tended to be insulin resistant and at risk for type 2 diabetes. He noted that those worst off -- most insulin resistant -- had short, thin mothers.